Inquiring Minds Want to Know 1 & 2 Essay

First and foremost for any case study, the reader must first understand what they are researching and why. Penton Media, a publisher of business trade magazines such as Industry Week, Machine Design, and Restaurant Hospitality, was the subject of this particular case study. Upon reading the case study on Penton Media, the reader learns that Penton Media has made great progress in the growth of their company through a six year period, 1992-1998, based on the research results provided. Ken Long, Penton Media’s Director, stated in 1998 that there was a growing belief that Penton Media was generating fewer services than in the past. In 1992, Penton Media was reaching out to their readers by having them request product information through mail, which back then, that form of communication was acceptable. However, as time elapsed, technology and communication advanced. By 1998, Penton Media was providing information requests through e-mail and websites. In this case study, the research results provided two different years, 1992 and 1997. The years that elapsed from 1992 to 1997 proved that there was a growth in response and response selections to the advertisements Penton Media provided, in the business magazines they publicized for. From reading the case study the reader can build the management-research question hierarchy. The first thing to identify is the management dilemma, which in this case is: Will Penton Media experience lower advertising revenues, if alternate methods of inquiry stimulation are sought, since companies do not track the source of their leads? Secondly, defining the management question, which is: Are there publications or magazines that are generating fewer leads now as opposed to the past years? Next, the reader must ask the research question(s), which is: Should Penton Media continue to include reader service cards in the magazines they advertise for, for readers to request additional information on companies, which in turn enhances advertisement and business for the companies listed? If not, what are the alternative advertising methods that are more technologically advanced that could be applied to boost advertising revenues? Upon defining the research question(s), the investigative que stions need to be identified throughout the case study. For this case, the investigative questions are: What are the percentages of readers/subscribers using the reader service cards currently in comparison to the years past? If there is a decline  detected in the usage of reader cards, what are the alternative methods that they are using to contact businesses and companies? Is there any way to implement different strategic means of these methods to enhance advertising revenue? After identifying the investigative questions, the management questions are the next step on the management-research question hierarchy. The management questions for this case include: Will Penton Media experience a decline in revenue due to the alternate methods of advanced advertising technology of customer inquiry stimulation? Penton Media will need to make a management decision is the last step for the hierarchy. In this case, Penton Media will need to decide whether to terminate the use of reader service cards in the magazines they advertise and replace the advertisements with alternate methods of advanced technology advertising. If they do decide to implement a more strategic technologically advanced method of advertisement, the readers and subscribers will be able to directly contact businesses and companies they are interested in on a present and current time schedule. After reading this case study, there are some ethical issues that are relevant to it. The most vital ethical issue that is presented in this case is the right to privacy, or confidentiality. Upon reading the case and the forms that are included to be sent to the readers and subscribers questioned and polled, it is read within the cover letter for the survey that â€Å"All individual responses will remain completely confidential, with answers combined and presented in statistical form only.† At the end of the cover letter Penton Media asks the selected person for the survey to correct or make any necessary changes to their mailing address, to ensure they would be in the random drawing for the handheld color television. Having that information in the survey is proof that Penton Media is aware of who is responding to which questions, regardless of privacy and confidentiality. Based upon the results they received, out of 710 participants, Penton Media only analyzed 676 surveys. Penton claims the reasoning behind only analyzing 676 surveys was due to the fact that those participants were purchase decision makers for their organization. From there, Penton Media stated that the standard deviation of the survey results they received was four, with a ninety-five percent level of confidence. Out of the 676 surveys analyzed, Penton Media did an in depth follow-up with only forty  participants. Given the information of how Penton Media conducted the entire survey process, it is possible there was more room for error than Penton anticipated. Penton Media’s research team runs the risk of their data results and information being inaccurate since all of the participants that responded didn’t have their answers considered for the research. References Cooper, D., Schindler, P. (2001). Business Research Methods: Cases: Inquiring Minds Want to Know – – Now!.

Gender Importance in Mary Seacole’s Experiences

Mary Seacole or Mary Jane Grant in her maiden name was a half-blooded Jamaican and a half-blooded Scottish born in the small island of Jamaica named Kingston in 1805.   She identified herself a Creole with a duskier color than the brunettes and was really proud of it despite of having a racial discrimination over blacks and black women during her time.   Being a soldier, Mary’s father unintentionally persuaded his daughter Mary to become a great lover of camp and camp-like attitude such as traveling, adventure, and the sense of being in a mission. Also, her mother who was once called a doctress being inclined in the art of medicine, specifically the Creole medicine which every Creole woman is expert, influenced Mary to follow her footsteps, that even at a very young age, Mary was fond of playing like a doctor and nurse her doll, giving it medicines to cure its illnesses.   Little did she know that it was destined to let her preferences in her childhood materialized in the future, and be valued not only in her country but in the neighboring continents as well.   It happened when Mary accepted the calling of fate after her husband Edwin Horatio Hamilton Seacole died. On her adventure from in and out of many places and phases of life as she narrates in her autobiographical book, she described and illustrated different lifestyle a woman could have while doing medical missions.   There she said she experienced meeting women of no distress whose affection with gold-seekers and gold itself in a potentially gold mining in Panama are elicited from worldly things.   She also encountered typical women such as a weeping widow that are victimized by war and hostilities in Crimea. She also remembered how women are treated slaves by white race such as Americans who’s claiming that they are no other than the superior ones.   Her description of seeing women fighting for equality, empowerment and freedom was also remarkable.   She also gave a first-hand account of her own experience in defending herself physically from terrible incidents, which made clear how a woman can be strong and tough in the midst of crisis.   Moreover, she provided the readers how mothers, wives and nurses gave their wholehearted self in taking care on the health of those children, husbands, soldiers, patients, wounded and sick during the epidemic and chaos. Like in any other institution in mid-nineteenth century, rivalries, insecurities and/or racial discrimination existed even on medical missions.   Florence Nightingale and her nursing group refused to accept Mary Seacole’s willingness to be a part of their team in the Crimean war.   Being rejected by a group of fellow medical white-skinned people, Mary felt insulted.   However, the incident was never a hindrance to her.   Instead, she traveled alone at her own expense and established her own niche healing the wounded and curing epidemics like yellow fever, dysentery, cholera, and diarrhea with the use of her own expertise in healing –herbal and the Creole medicine. Mary Seacole as the author of her autobiographical book relished the idea of properly recounting her blow by blow details in medical career without knowing that she was uplifting the image of blacks and black women in general.   More so, she was not purposely pinpointing races, regions or gender to put in an awkward representation in boosting the morale of the blacks and female gender.   One could analyze how Mary Seacole gave respect to the Englishmen especially to the members of army that are very dear to her, which some of them look up to her as a mother and called her â€Å"Mother Seacole†. She would never given the same respect should Mary did not touch the lives of these fellow men.   A dignified journalist writer William Howard Russell generously stated words like this: â€Å"I trust that England will not forget one who nursed her sick, who sought out her wounded to aid and succor them, and who performed the last offices for some of her illustrious dead†, which was included in Seacole’s book as its preface. As a final point, Mary could say that she triumphantly established a well-respected role of women in the society as she convinced the readers with this statement: â€Å"I tell you, reader, I have seen many a bold fellow's eyes moisten at such a season, when a woman's voice and a woman's care have brought to their minds recollections of those happy English homes which some of them never saw again; but many did, who will remember their woman-comrade upon the bleak and barren heights before Sebastopol.   Then their calling me â€Å"mother† was not, I think, altogether unmeaning.   I used to fancy that there was something homely in the word; and, reader, you cannot think how dear to them was the smallest thing that reminded them of home.† (Seacole, M. Wonderful Adventures of Mary Seacole in Many Lands. Chapter XIII: My Work in the Crimea.) R E F E R E N C E S Antonwu, E. (2006). About Mary Seacole. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from TWU: Gabriel, D. (2004). Great Jamaicans: Mary Seacole 1805 – 1881. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from Jamaica Primetime Web site: http://www.jamaicans.com/ articles/maryseac.shtml Kleeberg, K. G. (2007). Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. Retrieved Novermber 21, 2007 Seacole, M. (1857). Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. London: James Blackwood Paternoster Row. ; Seaton, H. J. (2002). Another Florence Nightingale? The Rediscovery of Mary Seacole. Retrieved Novem 21, 2007, from The Victorian Web: Literature, History ; Culture in the Age of Victoria Website: http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ crimea/seacole.html

Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail Case Study

Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail - Case Study Example The essay "Moda Operandi A New Style of Fashion Retail" discovers New Style of Fashion Retail. Moda Operandi dealt with demand and tastes’ uncertainty in fashion. It also addressed the conditions (commercial and aesthetic which caused inefficiency of the system and messed about the most creative pieces of the designers. This organization allowed direct access to runway pieces and facilitated the purchase of great designs that buyers kept away from due to lack of mainstream appeal. The pre-order system allowed buyers to receive their products of choice despite their location or size of clothing. The system also gave instant feedback to designers on runway styles, thus easy prediction of demand patterns. Magnusdottir and Santo Domingo had their responsibilities split by expertise. Magnussdottir was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and dealt with strategic planning and daily operations. Santo Domingo was the Creative Director, managed the reach of the brand and was in charge of the Moda Operandi magazine whose aim was to provide online editorial content. The founders realized that the website was essential for the success of the firm. Therefore, they hired Matt Pavelle, who was an expert in search engine marketing and e-commerce, as CTO. Other major positions of management were covered up by persons with experience and skills complementary to that of the founders. Magnusdittor and Santo Domingo positioned their firm towards the hitting end of the market. Initially, they only associated with prestigious.

Role of Creative Management in the Improvement of Entrepreneurial Essay

Role of Creative Management in the Improvement of Entrepreneurial Activities - Essay Example Current research focuses – as already explained above – on creative management and its role in the improvement of entrepreneurial activities around the world. However, in order for the above issue to be appropriately explored it is necessary to examine a series of supplementary (or else secondary) issues like the following ones: a) is there a specific mode of creative management applied internationally? b) which is the role of innovation in the whole effort? c) which are the strategies adopted by the firms regarding the other entrepreneurial sectors (e.g. the HR department) when creative management is applied in all organizational activities? and d) are there specific methods for the measurement of the effectiveness of the creative management mode chosen by a particular firm? All these issues should be addressed appropriately in order to formulate a complete assumption regarding the role of creative management in the development of entrepreneurial performance and its in teraction with innovation. Current study can face certain obstacles especially regarding the measurement of effectiveness of creative management in firms around the world. More specifically, because creative management belongs in the firm’s strategic decisions, it is rather difficult to retrieve accurate info for its effectiveness when applied in a particular organization – severe weaknesses of the above strategy are very likely not to be published trying to protect the firm’s position in its market. Towards this direction, all data and views presented regarding the particular issue have to be carefully chosen in order to represent the actual position of creative management and its effectiveness in the international market (at least as estimated by the majority of firms globally). The research method used in current paper will be a combination of qualitative and quantitative one.

Contract Remoteness of Damages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contract Remoteness of Damages - Essay Example Sometimes, breach are treated immaterially when the aggrieved party may not have actually suffered actual damage from the breach or may have and at other times, the other party is compelled to indemnify and perform accordingly to the agreed terms or pay minimal damages resulting to such breach. Other fundamental breach of contract treated as a grave offense against the agreement itself results to the termination of the performance of the contract thereby entitling the party to sue for damages. In anticipation of a probable breach, a party may sue for the termination of the contract and file for damages without the actual breach taking place. Consequently, the laws that provides a remedy for any breach of contract is commonly known by lawyers as the "rule of remoteness" that is determined by the contractual agreement, even when it is not covered in its express terms. Further the law has delegated and simplified the classification under non-pecuniary and pecuniary losses with the former commonly sought as a supportive argument in respect for personal injuries and deaths. Such differences are identified in a contract to measure the nature of breach of duty which the damage meant to undo and award is reflective in the underlying obligation. Sometimes, rather than argue for the actual obligation to take particular effect, the aggrieved party is keener on pressing charges with the pure knowledge of the allocation which the law has recognized. This has concurrently resulted and thereby pushed the limit to the losses for which the other party is actually responsible within at the time of conclusion of the agreement. This will i n fact result to people placing more emphasis in contract making which has been treated on the possible losses arising from its breach than the advantages gained from its performance. Law and jurisprudence dictates that in losses arising from the breach of contract, the remoteness of damages is governed by certain doctrines that treat the losses as fair and reasonable which in Hadley v. Baxendale [1854] is justified as, "according to the usual course of things" (non-pecuniary) and "supposed to be in contemplation of both parties at the time the contract was made" (pecuniary). Non-pecuniary damages are measured by the loss of bargain, wasted expenditures; and total failure of consideration under the Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978. A requirement common to both, of course, is that an injury must have been sustained by the claimant himself nonetheless, differs for while it is pecuniary in actual or compensatory damages, it is, upon the other hand, non-pecuniary in the case of actual damages. The actual loss under judicial discretion is a manifestation yet an assumption to be assessed under no accepted principle but upon which answers may be based. Under the question of significance, whatever reasonably appears to have been significant to the promisor in assuming the risk(Smith, 1997), setting the price and deciding in how much effort to expend in order to perform may be up to the value of an ordinary loss that was contemplated if in fact it did not occur. Guided by the principles of "quantum meruit", express agreements and fixed in a contract shall entitle the aggrieved to claim for what is agreed in

Answer the two thought experiments 'the direction of happiness' and Essay

Answer the two thought experiments 'the direction of happiness' and 'the experience machine'. Based on your answers to the thoug - Essay Example In his argument against hedonism, philosopher Robert Nozick used the thought experiments based on â€Å"the direction of happiness† and â€Å"the experience machine† as he attempted to answer this question. The notion of hedonism, which is manifested by the belief that pleasure should be the ultimate purpose of life, disregards the provisions of a meaningful life. By showing that there are more values to life than happiness, this paper will answer the two thought experiments and discuss what happiness is and whether a happy life is the same thing as a meaningful life. Nozick uses the model of a machine capable of giving people the experience of whatever their desires and pleasures are, which cannot be distinguished from those that can be experienced apart from such machines. People would have a choice to live inside the machine and experience all their pleasures or outside in a lower degree of pleasure. Under such circumstances, where hedonism would opine that the sole intrinsic value is pleasure, most people would choose to remain plugged in to the experience machine. That would show a preference of a more pleasant but less meaningful life than a less pleasant and more meaningful one. However, according to the concept of direction of happiness, the amount of happiness in different lives is exactly the same, only that one tends to slope upwards with increasing happiness while the other slopes downwards with declining happiness. Mistakenly, people would still choose the life with happiness that slopes upwards. It is a mistaken choice because people still care and are concerned about their connection with reality, and it is the factor that the experience machine lacks. People still want their experiences to develop from reality rather than fantasy even if both feel the same. From this, it can be said that what people ultimately seek in life are not merely feelings of pleasure, but also to be in a particular way. Feelings of happiness and pleasure ar e desirable but not enough. People would want to go beyond the simple experience of doing things and actually do them. Therefore, there are more values than happiness and experiences of doing things. The experiences of the experience machine only limit people to their own man-made realities that are constructed within the confines of their perceived important values. Although the experiences of reality may be simulated by the experience machine, no contact is made with deeper and meaningful reality. When one envisages an experience machine and then appreciate that they would not use it, they learn that there are other things that matter more than experiences. The definition of happiness provides that it must contain meaning, pleasure and engagement. The part of meaning is in reference to the contribution to a broader cause while pleasure comprises the part of feeling good. Although a happy life and meaningful life have overlapping aspects, they are fundamentally distinct and a happy life is not necessarily a meaningful one. Happiness may occur as either or both emotional and mental well-being that is characterized by pleasant and positive feelings, which have different meanings to different people because it is quite a subjective matter. It can be a spontaneous feeling caused by positive emotions and last for a moment, as well as a continuous one. The overlap between a happy and meaningful life is mainly manifested by the fact that meaningfulness is among the causal factors

Core Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage Essay

Core Competence Needed to Provide the Competetive Advantage - Essay Example Company Dossier 1). Off late, R&D section of Sony had lagged behind in strides it used to make in the 1960s with such innovative products as Trinitron and WEGA in the 1990s by using the state-of-the-art technology to be the leader of the horizon of consumer electronics market. With the arrival of digital technology, Sony has lagged behind the competitors in television market. Change in people’s attitude becomes evident unlike the 1940s when brand recognition was the major reason of Sony’s better sales performance. Younger generation takes purchase decision considering a number of factors. Without presenting distinct features, Sony cannot lure the buyers and scope of presenting such features in the digital environment is quite limited. The Korean competitors Samsung and LG are leading the race for market space to Sony in television market. A comparison of the LCD television market can help in finding the causes of Sony’s lost ground (Chang 5). Samsung and LG Elect ronics have been the leading producers in the flat-screen TV market in 2010, which includes liquid-crystal display (LCD) TVs and plasma display panel (PDP) TVs. Samsung Electronics captured 18.7% market of the flat-screen TVs sold worldwide in2010, the second-in-lead LG were able to capture 13.1% while Sony could gain access to 10.3% share of total flat screen market. This scenario reiterates that Sony is losing ground to its Korean competitors in LCD TV (Asia Pulse par. 3). Analyzing the technological causes of Sony’s lagging behind Samsung is the advantage it has from its Motion Adaptive Dimming algorithm which saves 20 percent electricity through the LED brightness. Comparatively, technology at Samsung is more sophisticated than Sony’s Bravia range. Samsung has mastered the leading technologies through its R&D in LCD technologies. Such features as Motion adaptive dimming and edge-lit LED LCD TVs add to the competitive advantage of Samsung. Let us analyze the cause o f Sony receding back from the top position in the LCD television market. During the 1990s the television technology shifted from analog to digital. Sony had invested hugely on its analog technologies for the WEGA line, which was the leading product line of the time. Use of microprocessors made digital TVs more like Personal Computers rather than analog TVs. That time Samsung had gained expertise in the production of DRAM and semiconductors and were capable of introducing LCD TV. By 1996 Sony had taken advances in conducting research on flat panel display technologies in partnership with Tektronix in the U.S. It was the decision of the Sony management not to make advances in LCD technologies, which proved costly. Management at Sony was of the view that PDP and LCD panels were products more suitable to be outsourced to third party for effective supply rather than produced in-house. It concentrated efforts on developing organic light-emitting displays (OLED) (Chang 6). Sony had to pay dearly for its decision later in 2002. Samsung by that time had gained core competency in the production of LCD. It was a leading producer of flat-screen computer monitors and had the capability to gain key supplies of plasma. The technological advantage of flat-panel display manufacturing lies in making semiconductors than regular television sets. Sony made slow advances towards plasma and LCD sets, and could not leverage from its own production units. As a consequence, it has to depend on outsourced suppliers to produce its TVs. The change from

The Real Estate Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Real Estate Business - Essay Example Real estate business as other businesses has its challenges. Inflation can affect the businesses to a point of closing them down or operating on losses. The recession in the U.S economy has affected the real estate business. The residential housing Market has turned around. For instance, the Gross Domestic Product growth in the U.S declined from 4.9% in the third quarter to 0.6% in the fourth quarter of 2007. Unemployment rate has gone up, and this has seriously affected the lifestyle of people in the U.S. spending becomes a problem, and most people go for cheap product even in personal consumption (Lynn, 2009). In the U.S, real estate business is facing a formidable challenge, and this affects the country and global economic growth. Investment in the real estate business has been affected by the finances and lending institutions. The for- sale housing market has had an enormous challenge, and the business is going down. This is as a result of low affordability, tight lending standar ds and excess supply in many regions. When a country is going through a recession, the market finds itself in the bad shape. People refrain from buying the products in the market because their spending power is weakened (Lynn, 2009). The real estate is also affected due to the increased cost of materials from suppliers. The reason why the suppliers increase their costs in many counties is because during recession time the government adjusts the policies of taxation. The materials are taxed highly, and therefore the supplier has no option than to increase the cost of construction materials. This affects the market place, and the business will go down, and the end result is poor economic growth. Taxes are particularly burdensome, and businesses suffer when they are taxed unfairly. Like in the U.S taxation system is regarded as the most unequal and unjust in the word. This can also be seen in other parts of the world. Political leaders may take advantage of their power to manipulate th e taxation policies. Their businesses are not taxed in the same ratio as for the citizens. Economic development to them becomes a task of the citizens who pays the largest amount in paying taxes (Hinkel, 2008). The government should try and subsidize taxes so that companies and suppliers venturing into a business do not suffer losses. The customers also will be willing to buy or rent houses because the prices will be affordable. The tax law should be reviewed in a way that they favor both parties. The seller and the purchaser are the parties in question. They should be in a position to do transactions without incurring much cost. The government should ensure there the transactions are fair by reviewing the tax laws (Hinkel, 2008). According to Hinkel (2008), real estate is governed by the state law. The state law varies from one state to the other. The law s control the ownership rights to the property, the form and content of the various documents and procedures involved in the sal e, leasing, financing, and inheritance of the property. The legal profession spends time and client’s money worrying about the ownership of property. This becomes difficult for the investor or the buyer to use the property because until the process is over the buyer has no right over the property. Therefore, if the buyer wanted to put up business in the estate, it will take him/her a

Comic Flaws. Moral Ambiguity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comic Flaws. Moral Ambiguity - Essay Example It is this susceptibility that describes his great comic flaw and the moral ambiguity that makes him such an easily relatable character, moreso in many ways than Max. In the end Leo suffers a comic downfall but escapes excessive punishment. Yet fear of being caught and guilt over his complicity in Max’s scheme exacts its own kind of punishment. It is this ethical crisis, of being caught between â€Å"good and bad,† and the attendant physical and psychological manifestations to which we can so readily identify. Leo is rather unexceptional, the stereotypical accountant, a character given to processes and rules. From a comedic standpoint, it is his â€Å"ordinariness† and the ethical angst that the musical and his involvement with Max brings about that makes us laugh at his plight. Not only is he of â€Å"unexceptional birth,† but he is to all appearances unable to rise above the circumstances of his birth: he will always be an average accountant. So when Max comes along, it is with the chance of a lifetime. The idea to produce a flop actually comes, albeit inadvertently, from Leo and adds to the humor of the situation. Breaking with his past is no simple matter. After Max tries to convince him to â€Å"fix† the books, Leo refuses and returns to his old job at the firm of Whitehall and Marks. Leo needs a nudge, something that will spur him to take a chance and risk security and his sense of well-being. That nudge comes from his boss, Mr. Marks, who berates him, thus eliciting a fantasy about becoming a Broadway producer. Leo relents, joins with Max to form Bialystock and Bloom and they begin looking for the worst play they can find. That Leo chooses to pursue his fantasy with Max is what makes him such a comic figure. He entertains the same fantasies and harbors the same dreams that we all have. The Producers is an exaggeration of the traditional American rags-to-riches story and the lengths to which people will go to make a fort une. Leo takes a monumental risk by quitting his job and joining with Max, only to seek his fortune by producing a bad play. To that end, he is forced to patronize Liebkind, a former Nazi and the musical’s author who insists that Max and Leo take the â€Å"Siegfried Oath.† The world of entertainment is incongruous to Leo, who has never been more than a button-down corporate functionary. We laugh at his discomfort as he and Max discuss the play with their director, Roger de Bris, an openly and outrageously gay character. Leo’s naivete reaches its height when, on opening night, he wishes the company â€Å"good luck,† thereby unwittingly committing the cardinal sin of the stage (Stroman, 2005). His cluelessness is honest, however, and reveals to the audience a fundamental unfamiliarity with his surroundings, which indicates his fundamental vulnerability. As such, one is inclined to hope that he will succeed, or at least that he will survive the productionâ⠂¬â„¢s unforeseen success. In pursuing this unlikely goal, Leo has to â€Å"go along† with the unsavory means by which Max secures the funds to produce Springtime for Hitler. The ethical dilemma is part and parcel of being a comic hero, and it is this dilemma that pulls Leo in different directions. As such, there is an element of the bemused â€Å"straight man† in Leo, who plays a sort of straight man, or foil, to Max’s flamboyantly unscrupulous raconteur. And though he becomes ensnared in the riskiness of their â€Å"

The Ethics of Torture Essay Example for Free

The Ethics of Torture Essay Torture is causing pain and suffering to gain information and confessions. It’s a traditional, historical, well-understood term. Waterboarding is a form of torture in which a bound, gagged prisoner is forced to breathe in water. There are several techniques but all produce the same effects, a physical sensation of drowning and a psychological sensation of panic, fear and loss of control. Calling it anything other than torture is absurd. You wouldn’t call a bank robbery a â€Å"cash gathering technique,† even if the president said it was so. There are no such things as â€Å"enhanced interrogation methods. † That is the euphemism the Bush administration used in 2002 when they were redefining torture so the president could authorize it. There is never an excuse to torture a person, not even during war. It undermines our cause, endangers our soldiers on the battlefield by encouraging reciprocity, and it breeds more enemies of the United States than coercive interrogation methods will ever allow us to capture. As recently as November 12th of this year, Herman Cain and Rep. Michele Bachmann said during a Republican presidential debate in South Carolina that they would approve waterboarding of prisoners to extract information. They denied that waterboarding is torture, even though it’s been classified as such since the Spanish Inquisition. â€Å"Very disappointed by statements at S. C. GOP debate supporting waterboarding,† Senator John McCain wrote on Twitter two days later. â€Å"Waterboarding is torture. † This is a man who was a POW during the Vietnam War. Having been tortured at the hands of the North Vietnamese, he knows first-hand what that kind of treatment can do to a human being. If we truly believe ourselves to be a model for the world and an example for all of history, then why would we practice torture? When you pour water onto someone until he gasps for air and feels as if he’s drowning, you’re not enhancing your interrogation. You’re putting him through a hell as physical as it is psychological. You’re torturing him, by any sane definition of the term. When we deny any sort of justice or due process to individuals in the name of protecting America, we become the ultimate hypocrites. How can we as a nation, hold other nations to standards that we’re not meeting ourselves? In 2009, Dick Cheney told Fox News that, Those interrogations were involved in the arrest of nearly all the Al Qaeda members that we were able to bring to justice. Cheney’s statement begs the question, how many innocent people were imprisoned and tortured in our fanatical hunt for possible terrorists? Well, out of about 775 detainees held at GITMO, 420 were released without being charged. Less than 10 were ever convicted of terrorist activities. The abuse of prisoners can occasionally produce good intelligence but more often produces bad intelligence, Under torture a person will say anything he thinks his captors want to hear — true or false — if he believes it will relieve his suffering. Often, information provided to stop the torture is deliberately misleading. Senator McCain has said that while being tortured, he was asked for the names of all the men in his regiment. He gave his captors the names of the Green Bay Packers offensive line instead. The most obvious thing we can do is stand as an example of a nation that holds an individual’s human rights as superior to the will of the majority. Write your congressmen and tell them that the sanctioned use of torture by the government is wrong. If we as a nation build a wall of fear with the rest of the world, it’s a decision with far-reaching negative consequences. Through the violence, chaos and heartache of war, through deprivation and cruelty and loss, we are always Americans, and different, stronger and better than those who would destroy us.

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making Introduction A decision can be defined as the culmination of a thought process analysing a problem. Good decision making is vital for the well being and safety of a man. Many men who have not given it a thought have come to grief because of poor decisions. Naturally we make poor decisions all from time to time, but a man needs to rediscover himself and identify those qualities, which are critical to good decision making. Historical perspective Background After the Second World War, most of the countries in Europe and Latin America became a fertile land for proxy wars between the two superpowers, i.e. USSR and USA. While the Soviet Union campaigned for communism in their areas of influence the USA promoted liberal democratic values and capitalism. The race for world domination was such that both the superpowers escalated the nuclear arms race and always prepared for a nuclear strike in their soil from the opposing camp. Naturally, they wanted to place nuclear missiles in areas that could reach the enemy state in terms of the range of the missiles. The Cuban Missile crisis was an example of such strategies. American intelligence The crisis came to surface on 14th October 1962 when the intelligence images provided by American U2 reconnaissance flights showed some spots in Cuba which were installing and moving nuclear missiles. President Kennedy and principal foreign policy and national defense officials were briefed on the U-2 findings and discussions were held about the course of action to be taken in response to the nuclear threat. Two principal plans were formulated an air strike and invasion, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further military action. President Kennedy decided to keep the findings confidential from the public eye, so as to avoid the chaos that would follow in response to such as dangerous nuclear threat. As American military units started being deployed in bases in South Eastern US, President Kennedy’s official schedules were maintained while secret discussions were periodically held with advisers to monitor the developments and come up with strategies to diffuse the situation. During this time, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in a visit to President Kennedy said that the Soviet aid being provided to Cuba were for defensive purposes and would pose no threat to the US. The US president kept the information he had about the nuclear missiles confidential. However, he also mentioned to the Soviet Foreign Minister that any threat to American national security would be dealt with in a harsh manner. Meanwhile, more images of from another U2 flight showed additional sites and the number of missiles were estimated to be between 16 to 32. American Response plans After 5 days of deliberations about the response to be taken, it was decided to go ahead with the plan to quarantine Cuba by US Navy ships. A decision to inform the American citizens was also taken. On the sixth day, President Kennedy was informed by General Walter Sweeney of the Tactical Air Command who tells him that an air strike could not guarantee 100% destruction of the missiles. To seek the advice of his predecessors former Presidents Hoover, Truman, and Eisenhower were briefed about the situation on the 7th day. The president also established the Executive Committee of the National Security Council to monitor the crisis everyday, and also informed his ally the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the situation. A letter was also sent to Soviet leader Khrushchev in which President Kennedy argued about the futile effort of a nuclear confrontation which would result in a catastrophic destruction of all parties concerned as well as the whole world. The president addressed the American citizens about the situation the same day in a televised conference. On the 23rd of October, the USA starts diplomatic maneuvers to gather international support against the aggression of the Soviets. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the U.N. Security Council. In this period, the American ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. However, Khrushchev orders Soviet ships on their way to Cuba to stop in the Atlantic about 750 miles away. This prevents a confrontation but, the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy. Russian Response and American Counter response On the 24th of October the Soviet premier sends a letter to President Kennedy. President Khrushchev’s response to the letter sent by US president Kennedy indicated that the Soviets were not willing to take away Missiles and blamed the US for showing aggression by carrying out a naval quarantine. According to the Soviets, the US was trying to intimidate them by threatening to use force against the Soviet ship thereby, endangering international peace. The next day, Kennedy writes a letter to Khrushchev to urge him to step down. He had been briefed that some of the missiles in Cuba had already become operational. Meanwhile, the U.N. tries to negotiate a settlement by suggesting a short period for cooling down the tension. However, it is rejected by the US because the missiles could be deployed at any time given that it had already become operationally ready. U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in a debate at the Security Council shows the photographs of the missiles in presence of the Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin. The US president also orders his Air Force to increase the number of flights over Cuba from once a day to twice a day, so as to gather more intelligence.Photographic evidence shows accelerated construction of the missile sites and the uncrating of Soviet IL-28 bombers at Cuban airfields. During this period Cuban president Fidel Castro urges the Soviets to initiate a nuclear first strike, but Khrushchev is not prepared for a nuclear war. So, he sends a letter to Kennedy with an offer to remove the missiles if the Americans agree to lift the quarantine along with a promise that it will not invade Cuba. American intelligence in this period shows that construction activities of missile sites are progressing at an alarming speed, so the USA starts discussing about invading Cuba to control the missile sites. However, they become concerned that invading Cuba would definitely result in a war that could turn nuclear. On the 12th day of the crisis another letter from Moscow is received in Washington. This letter demands the removal of American missile from Turkey in exchange for removal of missiles from Cuba. Deliberation in Washington decides to ignore this second letter and respond only to the previous one. At the mean time the American Air force is kept in high alert to be ready for an invasion, if it is decided. Later that night, Robert Kennedy, President Kennedy’s confidante meets secretly with Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin where it is agreed that the Soviets would remove the missiles under United Nations supervision in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. Theories used in crisis decision making Rational actor model Rational actor model attempts to describe a states behavior as that of a perfectly rational individual, who is normally assumed to have perfect situational knowledge, and who attempts to optimize whatever values/goals are sought in a given situation. (Slantchev, 2005). The basic assumption of this model is that in a difficult situation nation consider all options and act rationally to maximize their utility. Under this model: Governments are treated as the primary actor. The government examines a set of goals, evaluates them according to their utility, then picks the one that has the highest payoff. The action is chosen as a calculated solution to a strategic problem Explanation consists of showing what goal the government was pursuing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice given the nation’s objective The formal way of defining rational actor model is by using four key concepts.In order to determinethe possible cause of actions of nations following criteria must be analyzed. Scrutinize reading of this concept also reveals the process of development of decision by national leader. (1) The Goals and Objectives of the Nation, (2) The Alternatives, (3) The Consequences, 4) The Choice the nation made Organization process model An organizational process model is one of the decision making model in which there is time and information limitations and Decision makers involved does not seek an optimal solution rather attempts to find a solution which achieves a set (minimum) goal, and minimizes risk of failure. The organizational model focuses mainly on four concepts On the type of group and office involved Type of information The task being done The task that the groups are actually capable of doing This model attempts to forecast thefuture activities of organization based on its present activity. The organizations involved in the decision making were military, Intelligence, White house. The personnel involved were some core group decision makers. The type of information that the group got was from the CIA efforts of collecting data on Cuba and a standard protocol that planned airreconnaissance in the Cuban air space .The detail information about the presence of missile proved to be important. But there were also criticism that the information provided was not in time Kennedy chose the option of naval blockade in Cuba. It was made possible by the factthat, A big and strong navy already existed in U.S. and Navy had already prepared and rehearsed a comprehensive operational plan. The organization process model attempts to define action that is otherwise not described by rational actor model. It explains all the actions during the crisis are not only the result of rational decision making but also the consequence of normal organizational processes. For example, in Cuban missile crisis, the strategy of Russians was different at different time period. While the ships were being taken to Cuba, the secrecy and camouflage was given the highest priority. But once the ship reached Cuba, there priority shifted on building missile bases. The government politics model The third model is recognized as thegovernmental politics model or bureaucratic model and is characterized by the use of various decision makers and committee leadership.(Sexton, 2007) . The Government politics model adopted by the administration of the US president highlights The personalities of individuals, Their backgrounds and Theinterdependent influences among each other in a group. President Kennedy selected the core group advisors and depended on them for taking decision. The advisors also comprised of his own brother Robert, the nations Attorney General at the time and TheodoreSorenson. Governmental Behavior Model A Governmental Behavior Model focuses on the individuals that took part in the decision making , their background , their personality traits , the level of information they had and their overall influence in overall decision making process. It emphasizes that actions may not be the result of one monolithic entity choosing the most rational action, but rather the integrated and refined effort of many people with different background, objectives, information and estimates of outcomes that were discussed and compromised. For example, Kennedy put together a committee of advisors, including his national security advisor, the head of the state department, the head of the DoD, and other acting government leaders, a former ambassador to Russia, a retired State Department administrator, and others. The Transcripts of tapes of the White House discussions, the book that were made public later clearly shows the debating and decision-making process. It includes how various members of the discussi on brought up ideas, changed sides, and fused their ideas together.. (John, 2010) Small group model In the Cuban missile crisis, The decision making process reflected the small group model . The decision was solely made by the EXCOMM and the president. This model emphasize on the need for secrecy, decisiveness in policy making, speed and an extraordinary degree of liquidity in the flow of information to and from the White House.(Gopalan, 2014). President Kennedy created the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) to advise him on the Cuban Missile Crisis. The EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on Oct 22, 1962. Outcome of Cuban missile Crisis Kennedy certainly came out of the crisis with a reputation greatly enhanced in the west. Khrushchev, for his part, was deemed by his colleagues to have suffered a humiliation, and the crisis was one of the issues that led to his being deposed in October 1964. They both have showed responsible leadership and a means to find a peaceful resolution. They both have rejected hard-line advices and were careful not to escalate the crisis. Khrushchev might even be said to have shown greater courage in making what was publicly seen as the larger concessions. In the aftermath of the crisis they both worked to improve relation and prevent a recurrence of such a confrontation. The â€Å"hotline† allowing direct communication between both leaders was installed and the Partial Test Ban Treaty of September 1963 signified a 1st step towards arm control. Kennedy’s hope to build on these steps, brutally ended by his assassination in November 1963, further heightened his statesman- like image. However both men had acted recklessly in bringing the crisis about. Khrushchev and Castro should have realized the danger of secretly introducing nuclear weapons into Cuba. They could not be kept secret, and the US reaction should have been predictable. Conventional forces, perhaps a couple of Soviet armored brigades, should have been enough to deter a US invasion of Cuba, without risking a major confrontation. And Kennedy could have too secretly requested to remove the missile, might have avoided a confrontation. Finally, the world was fortunate that the greatest crisis of the Cold War era was deescalated. If the technology advances have made missile launch shorter and submarines quitter and when decisions could be made in minutes, the consequences could easily have been catastrophic. After the Cuban Missile Crisis both sides were careful to avoid such circumstances. One Missile Crisis was enough. Bibliography Allison, G. P. (1999). Essence of Decision. New York: Longman. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy Cuban Missile crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 18, 2014, from HISTORY: http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis Cuban Missile Crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from John of Keneddy Presidential Library and Museum.: http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx. Elite theory. (2014, 25 April). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_theory Essence of Decision. (2014, May 03). Retrieved May 03, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_of_Decision Gopalan, K. (2014). Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from FOREIGN POLICY JOURNAL : http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/16/kennedy-and-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ John, M. (2010, January 12). Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved april 23, 2014, from Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis: http://marieljohn.blogspot.com/2010/01/essense-of-decision-explaining-cuban.html L.Slantchev. (n.d.). Chapter 13. Decision Making in Politics. . Retrieved April 24, 2014, from The Challenge of politics , the introduction of political science: http://college.cqpress.com/sites/challenge/Home/chapter13.aspx 1

Molieres the Imaginary Invalid :: essays research papers fc

Moliere's "The Imaginary Invalid" Moliere's "The Imaginary Invalid" is a farcical play about a hypochondriac who is so obsessed with his health and money that he ends up neglecting his family. The story involves several different themes and plots within one family. A new interpretation of this 17th century play is now being performed at the Arts Club Theater; it incorporates some new changes and modernizations in addition to the traditional improvisation. Morris Panych has definitely succeeded in delivering a new, more comical version of Moliere's final play. Moreover, the dominant theme of this play is body versus mind. The play is about a wealthy, but stingy man who believes that he is constantly sick (Argan). However, there is an obvious doubt to whether he is really sick or if he is just imagining his illness. Therefore, the primary theme is Argan's internal struggle of body vs. mind. This theme is developed throughout the play into smaller themes such as masculinity versus femininity, greed versus love, and death versus life. Two of the major changes from the text to the play are Argan's degree of illness and his death. In the text, there are very few elaborate descriptions of Dr. Purgon's treatment. However in the play by Panych, there is no shortage of enemas and other "bathroom" related scenes. I originally thought this change was for comical purposes, but after some additional thought I questioned whether Argan was imagining his illness or if he really was ill. In the text, by not having too many bathroom scenes, Argan seems to be imagining his illness (thus, he is the imaginary invalid). In Panych's stage version, Argan shows several symptoms of being ill; this definitely confuses the original play by Moliere. One of the original purposes of the play was to criticize, among other things, the medical profession in Moliere's time. Now, if Argan really was sick, does that mean that the doctors were correct in their analysis? No, it doesn't. I believe that Panych intended to show that it was the doctors' treatments that made Argan ill and eventually killed him. Another major change from Moliere's version is Beralde's gender and role in the play and in the family. Beralde is transformed into Argan's sister, instead of his brother. Panych saw male versus female as a major theme. If you look at the structure of the original play, all the people who truly love Argan and mean him well are female, except for Beralde. In fact out of all the different characters who take advantage of Argan, only one of them is female-

19th Century Art Essay -- Art History

19th Century Art During the 19th century, a great number of revolutionary changes altered forever the face of art and those that produced it. Compared to earlier artistic periods, the art produced in the 19th century was a mixture of restlessness, obsession with progress and novelty, and a ceaseless questioning, testing and challenging of all authority. Old certainties about art gave way to new ones and all traditional values, systems and institutions were subjected to relentless critical analysis. At the same time, discovery and invention proceeded at an astonishing rate and made the once-impossible both possible and actual. But most importantly, old ideas rapidly became obsolete which created an entirely new artistic world highlighted by such extraordinary talents as Vincent Van Gogh, Eugene Delacroix, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Claude Monet. American painting and sculpture came around the age of 19th century. Art originated in Paris and other different European cities. H owever, it became more popular in United States around 19th century. Painting in the 19th century, still highly influenced by the spirit of Romanticism, proved to be a far more sensitive medium for the kind of personal expression one should expect from the romantic subjectivity of the time. At the very beginning of the â€Å"modern period† stands the imposing figure of Francisco Goya (1746-1828), the great independent painter from Spain. With much indebtedness to Velazquez, Rembrandt and the wonders of the natural world, Goya occupies the status of an artistic giant. His artistic range goes from the late Venetian Baroque through the brilliant impressionistic realism of his own to a late expressionism in which dark and powerful distor... ... which contains a subtle but explicit expression of two lovers tightly embracing with a kiss. In conclusion, the art of the 19th century was composed of a sequence of competing artistic movements that sought to establish its superiority, ideologies and style within the artistic community of Europe. These movements, being Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, ultimately spread far beyond the confines of Europe and made modern art an international entity which can still be felt in today’s artistic world. Works Cited Holt, Elizabeth G. From the Classicist to the Impressionists: Art and Architecture in the 19th Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966. Needham, Gerald. 19th Century Realist Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Peillex, Georges. History of Art: 19th Century Painting. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964.

King Midas :: essays research papers

Long ago, during the time of knights and dragons, there lived a king named Midas. He was considered one of the richest men on earth, but just like the many wealthy people around, money did not bring much happiness to him. Unsatisfied, he then assumed that perhaps being the richest among the rich could be the answer to his desires for a better life. Once, our friend was sitting on his throne, contemplating the meaning of life like he always did at lonely times, when his honorable servants came rushing to him. In one of their arms carried a dwarf of an old man. Bewildered, King Midas asked with a tone of inflection in his voice, â€Å"Who is this funny-looking little man? He looks like that idiot friend of mine, Confucius!† â€Å"Master, do not be rude!† one of the servants warned. He continued, this time whispering: â€Å"This man here is Silenus. He happens to be the friend of the great god, Bacchus!† â€Å"Where did u find him?† Midas demanded to know. An encounter with the friend of god seemed nearly impossible. â€Å"We found him, unconscious, under the apple tree in our garden. Apparently he had tried to reach for the fruits when your pet dog, Chap, thought he was a thief, so he went charging at Silenus, knocking the daylights out of him,† reported the servant. Silenus lay in the arms of the young man, fast asleep. Midas then ordered the servants to bring him to a guestroom and watch over him. When Silenus woke from his deep sleep, he was all dazed, unable to recall whom he was. He had lost his memory. Midas offered the old man accommodations at his palace for as many days as he would prefer. He allowed the old man to eat as much as he wanted to. He just wanted the man to feel comfortable during his stay. The old man grew bored easily as he had found the entertainment available at the Midas Palace was not suited for old geezers like himself. As a result, the King himself got bored at Silenus. He had attempts to make friends with the friend of God, but the old man could not recall a single thing about his friend, and he prefers spending most his time eating apples under the tree. Midas decided he had to return Silenus back to Bacchus before his life becomes a bore too.

Late Adulthood Paper Essay

People over the age of 65 have gone through a life of changes. He or she starts off as a young baby. He or she then develops into a growing child. into a young individual, and finally into a full adult. Now however is the hardest stage of any older individual’s life, they start to realize that time is limited and their life is slowly starting to decline and come to an end. This experience can be very frightening to the individual because the elderly person is noticing different changes and the rise of different needs. Changes not only physically but socially are occurring, the need for proper living accommodations, and health care are their new worries. With this being said there are many challenges not only for the aging individual but for the whole family as well. One of the social changes that elderly have to deal with is the changes in role and social position. Individuals who have lived a long life tend to have a social status that is often taken away when they retire. This is due to the fact that the individual is no longer in the environment he or she is used to. To make this clearer one example would be someone who has worked for a company for thirty plus years. In these years the individual most likely has made countless friends, on top of that the individual might have been in position of authority. When the individual retires he or she loses the environment that made him the individual he or she was. Some adults go into a shock because they no longer have a purpose. Some feel like they are no longer needed, and often many older people tend to feel neglected or left out of society (Zastrow, H. C., & Oren, D.2009). It is a difficult time for the elderly. Because before they were needed, they had a purpose. Raised children, had a purpose in their career, and often had friends and peers that made their social life exciting. With these last remaining years this all starts to fade away, friends, family, a loved one, and even their own health. This is why living in a nursing home can be so beneficial. It is expected by the year 2050, that there will be just over one hundred million adults over the age of  sixty five (‘Administration of Aging’, 2014). Currently there are just over twenty million adults of the age of sixty five years of age. What this means is that the need for facilities such as hospices and nursing homes, as well as other health care related facilities will be on a rise as the years continue. Living accommodations in a nursing home may not be a farfetched idea for an elderly individual. This is because nursing homes have individuals just like their own. One reason most senior citizens get depressed is because they are often left alone, let us say their partner had passed away, most senior citizens withdraw from the world too. (2009). Nursing homes may allow new friendships and bonds to be formed with people in their own age group. A nursing home or hospice is the perfect environment for an aging individual not only for the social aspect, but the health aspects as well. When an elderly adult lives alone his or her health will often be highly neglected. In a nursing or hospice home however, there are many great hea lth benefits to take into consideration. According to â€Å"Dependableathome† (2009) the benefits of having an elderly adult in a nursing home is because of the environment is made for retired individuals. For one the nurses are all skilled, and highly equipped to handle aged individuals. These facilities allow for individuals to get services such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, speech and language services, as well as many other medical and social services that can ensure that the individual’s needs are met as best as possible. These are all benefits to an individual that went through adjustment in both retirement and their relationship in marriage, family and peer relationships. Adjustments into retirement can be difficult to overcome; retirement is one of the hardest situations to adjust to. When a person retires, he or she realizes that their life is starting to come down. Often most individuals do not know what to do with their self. Often for most people it takes a while for them to adjust to being home all day Zastrow, H. C., & Oren, D. (2009). They often try to find projects to do around the house but after a while a form of depression kicks in. Another transition they must face is their changes in marriage, their family, and their peer relationships. Often sooner or later a spouse will die, peers will start to die, and family starts to drift off. This is an inevitable process. When a spouse dies the individual usually withdraws from society. When peers start to die it is a bittersweet  remembrance that their time is limited and the people they connected with in the past are no longer here. Family like children are full grown and living their own lives, this often neglects the older adult and is usually left alone to spend his or her remaining years by him or herself. Senior citizens not only deal with these types of hardships but social political hardships as well. Adults who are retired have a tough task at hand indeed. Individuals who once were working no longer have near the income that they once had. Most retired adults made poor choices as into how to set an up a retirement plan. Thus most retired adults only have so cial security income. Surviving on social security income alone is nearly impossible.Thus there are many social policies, laws and programs aimed into trying to help our retired population. Proper health care is one of the policies trying to be ensured to each retired adult. Proper health care will allow for one’s parent to be ensured into a proper nursing home. According to † Administration of Aging. (2014), political issues that surround retired adults, include equipped and ensuring the proper resources are available to retired adults. These resources include proper medical care. Proper institutions such as nursing homes are available in the right areas and environment, and to make sure the low income retired adults are getting the nutrition he or she needs. There are also plenty of organizations aimed to ensure and to fight potential cuts to the older population to ensure that these populations get what they rightfully deserve.(2014). On a final note, in our growing population the need for facilities such as hospices, and nursing homes are on all time rises. With this growing population many families have to deal with the inevitable loss of a loved one. This inevitable lose can be a very tough, and challenging time for any family. For families a nursing home may be a perfect solution to help a family member in his or her last phase, or journey if one may in life. For with this growing population there are many different needs and factors that contribute in the later adulthood stage. Well obvious needs and changes are biological some needs are not so obvious; such changing needs both occur in social needs, and personality needs as well. Whatever the need may be it is important to take into consideration of each and every one of these retired individual are needs. Each one of these people have helped contribute in some sort of way into the growth of our country and we as a country need to  ensure that these people are getting the proper care they deserve. References Administration of Aging. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx Dependableathome. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.dependableathome.com/ Zastrow, H. C., & Oren, D. (2009). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social environment (8th Ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix EBook Collection Database

Human sexual behavior Essay

Sexual assault takes many forms including attacks such as rape or attempted contacts or threats. Usually a sexual assault occurs when someone touches you in a way, even through clothes, without that person’s consent. Some types of sexual assault include forced sexual intercourse, sodomy, or fondling and attempted rape. Sexual assault in any form is often a devastating acquaintances, friends, or family members. Assailants commit sexual assault through manipulation, pressure or tricks. Drinking and sexual assault, alcohol is often a contributing factor in sexual assault. A perpetrator may even buy a person drinks to intentionally increase the chances of being manipulate the senses and their judgment. Even if we pick up a danger sign or trust them. Tisa advisable to avoid having sex when you’ve had a lot to drink, because even if you have a condom, you’ll be much less likely to use it correctly and therefore face another consequence. Movies, television shows and music are full of sex. It seems that the world is all about sex. Parents and students both need to know what is happening in the worlds and among themselves. Talking about sex seems like a good way to begin by educating our children of the rights and wrong of such sexual activity. When it come to children being involved with sex; Now on child abuse cases, I believe that no single act such strong emotions as the act of child sexual abuse. Child molesters can not even find refuge in prisons where rapist and murderers are commonplace. These offenders are shut out in aspect of our society, yet there are no reasons as to the causes of this behavior. Sexual abuse of children is not new, and has not always been socially taboo. Back in the days it was a commonplace for adolescent males to be forced into sexual relationship with mature males. This behavior was normal and not objected to by the child’s parents but sex with children in the modern era is alive and well, the power of an older person is so great that their young victim often never tell of the horrors that they have experienced. It is just like the pedophiles who confessed that they insist that their behavior is not wrong. Because of the extreme sensitivity of this subject, research has been really difficult and quite hard to develop. In the case of the pedophiles in order for the community or society to go into further deepest they must first attempt to gain an understanding of WHY? Pedophiles can be classified into different categories by several issues, the most common of which are causation and victim-realtionship.Howerever; pedophiles can be separated by those who sexually abuse members of their own family and those who abuse non family members. The reasons rapists are going free is when will the men and woman of our world be able to live their lives without being raped by another person? I feel many men and woman are getting away with harming another person through sexual confrontation without their permission. Men as well as woman can be raped, but fewer men will the police about it they would rather keep it under because they are being criticized for being weak which are untrue. Both, men and woman are the scary thing is that there is a possibility that their cases will not be product of their rape kits are not being processed efficiently. These are the ones that are not being brought to trail. Going back to the Megan’s Law when people think of their neighbors, do they think of violent sex crimes? Many people have to deal with this everyday of life. There are no laws forcing people of a community when a sex crime offender moves into their town. Said to keep violent sex crimes offenders from staking again, but do we ask ourselves this questions? The answer all depends on the opinion of the person who is being asked. Many supporters of the Megan’s law say that the law is keeping some predators from striking again, but many critics says that the laws is unethical and many agreements come from that. This is another question proposed when the topic of sexual offenders brought up, is it breaking any of the amendments or is it necessary for co workers to know whether a sex crime offender is living in their neighbors. Are you a juvenile or an adult? Megan’s law makes this question very complicated. Some times we might think we are juvenile’s, but by law we can be and treated as an adult. At the age of 13, you can go to some health clinics and get some medical treatments and testing done without your parent’s permission, such as pregnancy, alcohol/drug, and sexual transmitted diseases. Most of the time, if you are under 18, you need your parents permission, unless you are married, or in the military. At 15 Â ½ you can get a special permit to drive with a legal guardian, but if you break a traffic law you are considered an adult if you commit crime, such as killing, drug related, rape, repeated offenses, or stealing a car. If you are under 18, and are picked up by a police officer and taken to juvenile court, a juvenile officer will decide how to handle your case. Then a juvenile judge hears the evidence with you and your parents. The judge studies the whole complete picture of you, and your crime, and then decides as to whether or not your case will be held in juvenile Court or in Adult Court. If your cases are held in Juvenile Court and you are found guilty, and since he has made a complete study of you and your case, he will be the one to decide how and what will happen to you. If you are tired as an adult and found guilty, naturally the punishment will be more severe.

Good in the Moral Context

GOOD IN THE MORAL CONTEXT i. e. OBJECTIVISIT, SUBJECTIVIST AND FUNCTIONALIST ‘Good’ can be described from three views: †¢Objectivist †¢Subjectivist †¢Functionalist Objectivist point of view One main philosopher who defended the objectivist point of view was George Edward (G. E. ) Moore. In his book Principia Ethica, Moore discussed the definition of the word ‘good’. With this book he influenced the philosophers who came after him. The objectivist point of view is naturalism i. e. (what moral law predictates, usually from the natural law). In defining the word ‘good’, G. E. Moore attacks the objectivist point of view.He criticizes the naturalistic point of view. Moore, an intuitionist (meaning he is someone who decides if something is good or wrong by reflecting on his own, without anyone explaining to him) disagreed that good could be explained objectively. Moore criticised Utilitiarians as they were emotivists, i. e. depending on feelings. Thus they defined ‘good’ according to feelings. So good = pleasure. Thus utilitarians do not judge whether an action is good or bad by the quality of the action but by the consequence of the effects. Moore also criticised Christian morality, because these reason an action is good because it pleases God.He said, something is not defined as good because it pleases someone else. Moore invented an interesting term called ‘The Naturalistic fallacy’. Naturalistic fallacy, according to Moore, is to define a term, in this case ‘good’ by means of something which is a state of fact. To explain ‘good’ in terms of pleasure, is committing a Naturalistic fallacy. His reasoning is as thus: if something gives me pleasure, and thus because of this feeling, I say it is good; I conclude, since it is good, then I ought to do it – this is a wrong conclusion. ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a mor al statement.Moore was an intuitionist. Moore says that the word ‘good’ is not defined by its natural qualities (the qualities which are natural to something and which describe the object e. g. a red, juicy strawberry. If someone is asked why the strawberry is good, his answer will be, ‘because it is red and juicy’ thus defining ‘good’ by its natural qualities). For Moore, good is good and cannot be defined. The objectivists say that moral terms are explained by means of natural qualities. Objectivism is the view that the claims of ethics are objectively true. They are not relative to subject or culture.A term is defined as thus because it is as thus. So good is good not because of feelings or situations, the definition of which would be from a subjectivist point of view, giving rise to relativism. ‘Good’ is defined as thus, because the actions showing good are inscribed in us in the natural law. So according to objectivists, †˜good’ is described by its natural qualities. Naturalism, which the objectivists used, is a term which interprets the word as it is standing for natural characteristics. This may be misleading as good might stand for a quality of pleasure or for something to be desired, and this is not always right.Something pleasurable may in actual fact be wrong. One argument against naturalism, which the objectivists use, is that attribution (is) is confused with identity (ought). ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a moral statement. These (‘is’ and ‘ought’) are sometimes confused. Thus if something is pleasurable, thus it is good, thus it ought to be done, is (1) a wrong definition of ‘good’, (2) a wrong assumption as not all pleasures are good. One cannot equate good with solely pleasure. Moore goes deeper. In defining a word, he tried to split it into simpler terms.According to Moore, ‘good’ cannot be split into any simpler terms as it is already in the simplest term. So Moore’s philosophy states that ‘good’ is ‘good’. ‘Good’ is indefinable. Subjectivist point of view Subjectivism means that what is right or wrong is defined from the perspective of one’s attitudes, one’s theories and one’s emotions. Subjectivism is based on feelings, and as a result of emotivism. Subjectivism may also be called emotivism. Subjectivism is ethical values expressed in emotional values; personal emotions which can differ from one person to another.Thus there is no fixed standard, no norm, no mean. David Hume He is a basic figure in subjectivism. He was a 17th century philosopher. Hume was also an empiricist (tries to tie knowledge to experience) as he did not use rationalism (reason) but got experience from things around him. Hume said that all we know comes from around us, from our senses 9what we see, what we feel). Decante on t he other hand used rationalism. Kant tried to fuse empiricism and rationalism. Hume thus says that a person, basically, is a bunch of sense experiences. He also says that the senses can never lead us to the universal truth.We cannot say that something is right or wrong just from our senses. According to Hume, ethics is not built on reason (which is what Aristotle says) but on the senses. The universal truths (which are basically what the natural law states – do good to others, harm no one etc) are simply cut off by Hume’s subjective approach. Hume emptied ethics from any rational foundation – he shifted ethics based on reason (like that of Aristotle) to ethics based on emotions or feelings. Hume says not to look for reason but for sentiments – thus if something feels good – do it.He said that passion not reason is what leads us to do something – reason alone is ineffective. According to Hume, it is sentiments and not reason which are the fou ndations of morality. Hume said that statements like ‘This car is red’ (descriptive) and ‘This action is good’ (evaluative) are statements both of the same nature. He mixed descriptive and evaluative argument. In the statement, ‘This person is good’ one is not saying something about the person, but it is my reaction towards that person. Three philosophers affected by Hume were AJ Ayer, CL Stevenson and Hare.AJ Ayer According to Ayer, when we make a judgement, it can be classified as 1. empirical or factual 2. logical or analytical 3. emotive Ayer said that ethical statements are non-statements because you cannot verify them (as in analytical statements) and you cannot make them as a statement of fact (empirical statement or factual). Ethical statements such as good, just expresses one’s emotions (emotivism) – a statement depending on one’s feelings. For Ayer ethical statements are meaningless. Ethical concepts, such as good , cannot be analysed because they are not real oncepts at all – they are false concepts. He stated, ‘The presence of an ethical symbol (good is an ethical symbol) in a statement adds nothing to its factual content, meaning nothing is stated about the nature of the ethical symbol. Thus ‘good’ has no value when describing someone or something – for Ayer ‘good’ was just a way of expressing a feeling about the person/object concerned. CL Stevenson Statements such as ‘good’ do not say anything about state of facts but says only about one’s behaviour, one’s attitudes and one’s feelings.Ethical statements such as ‘good’ do not express a belief, only attitudes. Beliefs are based on reason, attitudes and one’s emotions (emotive). ‘Moral discourses are primarily not informative but influential’, says Stevenson. Thus when I say ‘John is good’, I am expressing my feeling s and at the same time influencing others by my statement. Stevenson, being emotive, says that ethical language, such as good, does not give us information about the person or object – they simply express one’s emotions. They simply intent to inform, they do not say anything about the nature.Hare While Ayer and Stevenson said that ethical statements are non-rational, non-logical, Hare is introducing rationality. He says that by a statement one influences another person, if the latter accepts it, and to do so he must understand it and he has to use his reason. Another point that Hare brought up is that an ethical statement can be 1. emotive 2. action guiding To guide it involves rationality. So ethical statements are not simply giving a piece of information, but action guiding (presciptivism – moral commitment to the giving or accepting of a command).Hare says that ‘a right action is one which ought to be done’ while ‘a wrong action is one that ought not to be done’. The prescriptive theory holds that the words ‘good’ or ‘bad’ are used not simply to command but to comment (=give an advice to do or not to do). ‘Good’ as applied to objects. It is important to distinguish between ‘meaning’ and ‘criteria’. Meaning always has a value, but criteria (the description) is different. ‘This marker is good’ or ‘This microphone is good’. The meaning is the same as the marker writes and the microphone amplifies sound. As applied to people, if I say, ‘John is a good man’.If we stick to the idea of Hare, that moral discourse, ethical statements, are action guiding, am I saying that ‘if you want a good man choose John’. It does not make sense. So when we place human beings as morally good, we are not talking about use or function. Hare deals with the distinction of the function and by treating the moral sense of good , it becomes an advice for imitation rather than a choice. A weak point of Hare: he still says that moral statements (such as good) still not saying anything about the person, but simply is a matter of influencing others and telling others to imitate him.Moral discourse is not only influential but action guiding – brings in rationality. He is still an emotivist saying that if an object is good, I am action guiding you; if a person is good I am just telling you to imitate him. Functionalist approach The functionalist approach is defining good in terms of aim and purpose. Good is the fulfilment of a function. For example a marker is good because it fulfils its function – it writes. If you are saying something is good, you are saying something about the object. O am not reflecting my emotions on an object (thus not an emotivist).A functionalist approach is based on its function. An emotivist approach is based on the attitude. A person chooses the good from the bad chooses a good life, because we are aiming at a ‘goal’ at an ‘end’. Aristotle is saying that there is something in-built in every object, in every person, to seek the good – the good being that at which all things aim. For a person to live a good life, he must understand the purpose of the human life. The purpose of human life is common to all humans, from a philosophical point of view – to have a good life.Aristotle defined end or purpose as ‘that for the sake a thing is done’ and good ‘as that at which all things aim’. Aristotle aid that God and nature do nothing in vain – that everything in the universe has been created to achieve a particular purpose. According to Aristotle the purpose of all human beings is the same. To understand the meaning of the word ‘good’ and of the ‘good life’, we have to understand the purpose of the human life and thus the metaphysics of the universe. In attempt ing to answer the meaning of ‘good’, Aristotle looked at the dynamic elements of the world around us (oak tree, chimpanzees, humans and so on).This is the general characteristics which defines Aristotle’s philosophy (metaphysics and ethics) and teleological (the study of the ends and purpose of things). According to Plato’s metaphysical views, he came with two kinds of worlds, the world of ideal and the world of reality. What we see is not the real world but an imitation of the ideal world. So substance in the ideal world is not included in the real world. Aristotle was Plato’s student but he still rejected Plato’s approach. Aristotle brought together the world of ideal and the world of reality.What we see is not an imitation – it is real. To explain the universe, Aristotle gave the theory of the four causes. 1. natural cause 2. formal cause 3. effective cause 4. final cause The theory of the four causes explains the dynamic nature of all the animate objects including human beings. In that way we can understand the goal, the purpose of the life of a human being, thus the meaning of a good life and the meaning of the word good. Metaphysics gives us a way of understanding reality how the human person acts and behaves, this behaviour can be living a good or a bad life.Ethics and metaphysics are distinct but interrelated. The theory of the four causes goes to explain, that if we think of an example of something which is produced by an agent such as a statue – then Material cause – that which constitutes the statue eg marble Formal cause – the pattern or blue print determining the form and the result Efficient cause – agency producing the result eg tools, sculpture Final cause – the sake for which the cause is produced ie the end towards which the production is directed In the case of humans: Material cause – genes Formal cause – humanEfficient cause – freedom, i ntention, responsibility, practical reasoning Final cause – the good life In humans the efficient cause and final cause are dependent of the formal cause – the fact that I am a human being. We are free to make choices in the efficient cause, choosing responsibility or lack of it, thus effecting the final cause. Aristotle also spoke about potency and actuality. Potency is the potentiality of something or someone – characteristics, which if cultured, become actual. Actuality means when something, which is potential, becomes actual. So we have to ask†¦what is our potentiality?We have a potential to reach our goal in life. Conclusion Having been exposed to these three views, in the definition of the word ‘good’, I think that subjectivism is the view which least defines well the word ‘good’. This view shows relativism and emotivism. To define a word well, especially one with a moral value/a virtue, there has to be a norm, a mean, a stan dard and subjectivism fails to do this. On the other hand, the functionalist definition of the word ‘good’ is the best definition of all as it shows a standard – its function; so there is no relativism involved.

“Nothing Gold Can Stay” by Robert Frost Essay

â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† by Robert Frost focuses on the idea that nothing lasts forever. The poet uses a central metaphor and personification to express his idea. The poet uses figurative language such as controlling metaphors, personification,and allusions and is specific in his choice of words. â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold† (Line 1) is the first line the is the main example of the controlling metaphor. The color green is compared to gold, which is precious. What he means by this is that things may start out good, but they will not always last. Nothing gold can stay (Line 1) means that things will soon come to an end. â€Å"Dawn goes down to day† ( Line 7 ) by this he means that all the good that happened throughout the day will soon come to an end. There is personification in the poem, which is how Frost is referring to nature as ‘her’ ( Line 2 and 3). Her early leaf’s a flower,but only so an hour, by this he means that good things can last a while, but then will come to a drastic end. He used words like subsides, grief and Eden to represent â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay.†( Line 1)Here, he means that everything has to come to an end sooner or later. Eden is a state of happiness, that soon came to an end due to the choices made by Adam and Eve. Frost uses many examples of allusions in this poem such as, the brightness like that of gold’s reflective dazzle, that becomes dulled with time, and the Biblical paradise of Eden that was lost when Adam and Eve fell from the Creator’s good graces. The allusions are to help create a picture in the readers’ mind of what the poem is about, for example with the line â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (line 1) it is saying that nothing good (gold) will last forever. Frost is specific with his word choice. He uses words like â€Å"Eden sank to grief†( Line 7) Eden sank to grief because Adam and Eve ate some kind of fruit off of the tree they were told not to eat from. When they ate from the tree the Creator forbid them from the garden of Eden. Frost uses many different ways to help put a picture in the readers mind. He uses allusions, personification and metaphors.â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† by Robert Frost focused on the idea that nothing lasts forever. The poet used central metaphors and personification to express his ideas.

OPENING DOORS A study of the Read To A Child program in the South Bend Essay

OPENING DOORS A study of the Read To A Child program in the South Bend School Corporation - Essay Example It is unfortunate that 40 percent of all nine-year-olds score below the basic level on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).Moreover, there is a continuing gap between white students and African-American and Hispanic students. While 69 percent of African-American and 64 percent of Hispanic students scored below basic in 1994, only 31 percent of white fourth graders did. This is caused due to various socio-economic conditions coupled with lack of background knowledge of phonemes or speech sounds to the children belonging to this community. This is the reason that several ambitious projects aimed at enabling a child to read at grade level have been initiated both by the government ('No Child Left Behind' and 'America Reads') and volunteering agencies. One such project initiated by South Bend Community School Corporation is "Read to a Child Program" with a mission to ensure that a child develop a love for reading and is able to read well and independently by the end of the third grade. Reading is not developmental or natural, but is learned and requires a lot of practice, caring environment, background knowledge and motivation not only to be provided by the school but also by all the care-givers, parents, grand- parents, relatives, other community members and volunteers. Children who fall behind at an early age (K and grade 1) fall further and further behind over time. Longitudinal studies show that of the children who are diagnosed as reading disabled in third grade, 74% remain disabled in ninth grade (Fletcher, et al., 1994; Shaywitz, Escobar, Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Makuch, 1992; Stanovich, 1986; Stanovich & Siegel, 1994). Treatment intervention research done at The National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) educational research program has shown that appropriate early direct instruction seems to be the best medicine for reading problem. The purpose of providing extra instructional time is to help children achieve levels of literacy that will enab le them to be successful through their school careers and beyond. This paper is meant to study the policies and practices and strategies being employed towards the target of achieving proficiency in reading by our young readers both by the government and volunteering agencies especially in South Block Community School Organization and how effective they have been in achieving the task at hand and what further improvement in the strategies and practices and learning designs are called for in order to make the programs more effective. Located in north-central Indiana, South Bend Community School Corporation is St. Joseph county's oldest and largest school corporation, and the fourth largest school corporation in Indiana and apart from traditional students, it caters to the needs of a significant number of special needs students and students coming from different ethnic background , resultantly the achievement gaps which are differences in the levels of learning among different demographic student subgroups because of their socio-economic conditions and exist nationally, are much wider here than anywhere else. The challenge of bringing these students at par with other students of the same

Global prespective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Global prespective - Essay Example The country has been described as one of the most stable Middle Eastern economies with a relatively good security situation. Since the gulf war in which the country was involved, Qatar has been a peaceful haven for business activities in the area. The government plays a huge role in the determination of what businesses should or should not run. The government has in recent times executed heavy censorship in the liquor and food businesses to the point of being authoritarian where different liquor business have been closed and no explanation offered for the same. Other businesses have however run independently. The country has good bilateral relationships with the United States and there are many US companies operating in the area hence it will be easy to establish our operations. American workers and companies face a little discrimination in the country as the countrys leadership attempts to maintain a pious image elsewhere while projecting the west as corrupt. There are however, no i ncidences of extreme fundamentalism. Qatars economy is hugely oil-based. The country has huge oil reserves that are estimated to last at least another century. The country has attempted to diversify from petroleum although it still accounts for more than 50% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product. The country embraces the ideals of free trade with limitation to business enterprises that have a connection with the Sharia law. The country has an effective tertiary industry with easily accessible banking and insurance services. The Qatar Financial center affords financial institutions globally competitive services, capital support and no interest loans(Forbes, 2012). The country has a cheap and efficient road transport owing to the low prices of petroleum and word-class road network. Communication is as developed with good internet and telephone coverage. The country has a good number of local and international media

Discussion questions for the week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions for the week - Essay Example A type-II is a direct opposite where the researcher may totally miss out on a possible impacting result or hypothesis and eventually says that there were no critical results. The example of type II error is just the converse of previous example where the result turns out to be negative for a disease but actually the patient does possess it. Many of the time, these types of errors occur because of incorrect methods followed in a research, like incorrect number of sample data being tested etc. Because of the impact produced by these errors which sometimes may result catastrophically, there should be immense attention placed on such predictions to prevent both false positive and false negative results. (Type I and Type II errors, 2004) Statistical significance and practical significance are although based out of data, they have completely different interpretations. Statistical significance provides a relationship between data which may be significant statistically but does not count in as useful way, practically. However, practical significance, as the name indicates, provides a meaningful relationship between the data which may go on to help in identifying or stating a hypothesis. For example, if we consider the number of educated people in a state over a period of time and if it results in such a way that on mean, 60 people are educated out of 100 in one state and 61 people are educated out of 100 in another state. Statistically it provides a lot of difference between two sets of data but on the other hand, there is no significance associated with it practically. (McIntyre,

Ethics in Public Administration and Policy Research Paper

Ethics in Public Administration and Policy - Research Paper Example In fact, public administrators and policymakers that share common values, practice ethical behavior and have a sense of purpose enjoy a competitive advantage. Ethics applies in both public and private organizations in offering services and leadership with an aim of promoting public interest, integrity, and accountability. This paper will thus discuss the history and importance of ethics in public administration and policy. It will equally address a good, clear research question based on ethics in public administration and policy. Ethics in public administration and policy refers to the determination of the right and wrong human behaviors in course of offering public services and leadership. The modern world is a witness to questions of fraudulent practices, inequality, mismanagement of funds, and other unethical behaviors in public administration and policy. As such, this has led to the need for addressing ethical standards in public administration and policy (Lawton, 2010). Actually, there is a dire need for ethical problem solving and decision-making in public administration and policy-making. Therefore, the public administrators have a mandate to establish and implement ethical standards in an organization. Ideally, every organization adopts a code of ethics that defines how the public administrators and other stakeholders should behave in making policies and offering leadership. Moreover, Ethics in public administration and policy relates to social commitment, ethical leadership, and organizational cultur e. Indeed, the importance of ethics in public administration and policy is unquestionable. Ethics helps in restoring discipline, ensuring accountability, integrity, compliance with standards, and better leadership for purposes of public leadership. Through the code of ethics, we can avoid various frauds errors, and unethical behaviors like corruption in public administration and policy. Actually, where anti-corruption laws and codes of conduct fail in preventing unethical behavior, international bodies like the United  Nations seek to establish a code of ethics that promotes good public administration and policy.